五戒の細則
Section 5: The Fifth Precept — the Precept Against Alcohol
Original text: 佛在支提国跋陀罗婆提邑。是处有恶龙。名庵婆罗提陀。凶暴恶害。无人得到其处。象马牛羊。驴骡驼驼。无能近者。乃至诸鸟不得过上。秋谷熟时。破灭诸谷。
Explanation: The Buddha was in the city of Bhadrāvastī in the country of Caitya. In this place there was a vicious dragon named Āmrapālita, fierce, violent, and malevolent. No one could reach that place; elephants, horses, cattle, sheep, donkeys, mules, and camels — none could approach it, and even the birds could not fly over it. When the autumn grain ripened, it would destroy all the crops.
Original text: 长老莎莎伽陀。游行支提国。渐到跋陀罗波提。过是夜已。晨朝着衣。持钵入村乞食。乞食时。闻此邑有恶龙。名庵婆罗提陀。凶暴恶害。人民鸟兽不得到其住处。秋谷熟时。破灭诸谷。
Explanation: At that time the Elder Svāgata was wandering through the country of Caitya and gradually arrived at the city of Bhadrāvastī. After passing the night there, in the morning he put on his robes, took his alms bowl, and entered the village to beg for food. While begging for food, he heard that in this city there was a vicious dragon named Āmrapālita, fierce, violent, and malevolent; people, birds, and beasts could not approach its dwelling place, and when the autumn grain ripened, it would destroy all the crops.
Original text: 闻已乞食讫。到庵婆罗提陀龙住处。泉边树下。敷坐具大坐。龙闻衣气。即发瞋恚。从身出烟。长老莎伽陀即入三昧。以神通力。身亦出烟。龙倍瞋恚。身上出火。莎伽陀复入火光三昧。身亦出火。
Explanation: After hearing this and finishing his alms round, the Elder went to the dwelling place of the dragon Āmrapālita, and beside the spring, under a tree, he spread out his sitting cloth and sat down cross-legged. The dragon smelled the odor of his robes and immediately gave rise to anger, emitting smoke from its body. The Elder Svāgata immediately entered meditative concentration (samādhi), and by the power of supernormal powers, smoke also issued from his body. The dragon became twice as angry and emitted fire from its body. Svāgata then entered the fire-light samādhi, and fire also issued from his body.
Original text: 龙复雨雹。莎伽陀即变雨雹。作释俱䴵。髓饼波波罗䴵。龙复放霹雳。莎伽陀变作种种欢喜丸䴵。龙复雨弓箭刀槊。莎伽陀即变作优钵罗花。波头摩花。拘牟陀花。
Explanation: The dragon then rained down hailstones, and Svāgata immediately transformed the hailstones into double-layered cakes, long cakes, and papola cakes. The dragon then hurled thunderbolts, and Svāgata transformed them into various kinds of joy-pill cakes. The dragon then rained down bows, arrows, swords, and lances, and Svāgata transformed them into utpala flowers, padma flowers, and kumuda flowers.
Original text: 时龙复雨毒蛇蜈蚣。土虺蚰蜒。莎伽陀即变作优钵罗花璎珞。瞻卜花璎珞。婆师花璎珞。阿提目多伽花璎珞。如是等龙所有势力。尽现向莎伽陀。如是现德已。不能胜故。即失威力光明。
Explanation: At that time the dragon also rained down venomous snakes, centipedes, vipers, and millipedes, and Svāgata immediately transformed these vicious creatures into utpala-flower garlands, campaka-flower garlands, vārṣika-flower garlands, and atimuktaka-flower garlands. In this way the dragon displayed all of its power against Svāgata. After displaying all these powers, it still could not prevail, and so it lost its might and radiance.
Original text: 长老莎伽陀知龙力势已尽。不能复动。即变作细身。从龙两耳入。从两眼出。两眼出已。从鼻入。从口中出。在龙头上。往来经行。不伤龙身。
Explanation: The Elder Svāgata knew that the dragon's power had been utterly exhausted and that it could no longer move, so he transformed himself into an extremely subtle body, entering through the dragon's two ears and emerging from its two eyes; after emerging from the two eyes, he entered through its nostrils and came out through its mouth. Finally, he walked back and forth in walking meditation on top of the dragon's head, without harming the dragon's body.
Original text: 尔时龙见如是事。心即大惊。怖畏毛竖。合掌向长老莎伽陀言。我归依汝。莎伽陀答言。汝莫归依我。当归依我师。归依佛。龙言我从今归三宝。知我尽形作佛优婆塞。是龙受三自归。作佛弟子已。便不复作如先凶恶事。诸人及鸟兽皆得到所。秋谷熟时。不复伤破。如是名声流布诸国。
Explanation: When the dragon saw these things, it was greatly startled in its heart, and out of terror its hair stood on end. With palms joined, it said to the Elder Svāgata: "I take refuge in you." Svāgata replied: "Do not take refuge in me; you should take refuge in my teacher — take refuge in the Buddha." The dragon said: "From now on I take refuge in the Three Jewels; know that for the rest of this life I will be a Buddhist upāsaka (lay disciple)." After the dragon received the threefold refuge and became a disciple of the Buddha, it no longer committed the vicious deeds it had done before; all people, birds, and beasts could come to its dwelling place, and when the autumn grain ripened, it no longer destroyed the crops. The fame of this transformation, of its wholehearted turn toward goodness, spread to other countries.
Original text: 长老莎伽陀能降恶龙。折伏令善。诸人及鸟兽得到龙宫。秋谷熟时不复破伤。因长老伽莎陀名声流布。诸人皆作食。传请之。是中有一贫女人信敬。请长老莎伽陀。莎伽陀默然受已。是女人为办名酥乳糜。受而食之。
Explanation: The Elder Svāgata was able to subdue the vicious dragon, bringing it to submission and turning it from evil to goodness, so that people and birds and beasts could come near the dragon's palace, and when the autumn grain ripened it was no longer damaged. Because the Elder Svāgata's fame spread, everyone prepared food in their homes and took turns inviting him. Among them there was a poor woman who had faith and reverence for him, and she invited the Elder Svāgata. After Svāgata silently accepted the invitation, the woman prepared fine ghee and rice-gruel for him, and he accepted and ate it.
Original text: 女人思惟。是沙门啖是名酥乳糜。或当冷发。便取似水色酒持与。是莎伽陀不看饮。饮已。为说法便去。过向寺中。尔时间酒势便发。近寺门边倒地。僧伽梨衣等。漉水囊钵杖。油囊革屣针筒各在一处。身在一处。醉无所觉。
Explanation: The woman thought to herself: "This śramaṇa has eaten fine ghee and rice-gruel; he may feel a chill arise." So she took some wine that looked like water in color and offered it to him. Svāgata, without looking to see what it was, drank it. After drinking, he expounded the Dharma for the woman and departed. On his way back toward the monastery, the force of the alcohol then took effect, and near the gate of the monastery he fell to the ground. his saṃghāṭī robe, water-straining filter, alms bowl, staff, oil bag, leather sandals, and needle case were each scattered in different places, and his body lay in another place, dead drunk and without awareness.
Original text: 尔时佛与阿难游行到是处。佛见是比丘。知而故问。阿难。此是何人。答言。世尊。此是长老莎伽陀。佛即语阿难。是处为我敷座床。办水集僧。阿难受教。即敷座床。办水集僧已。往白佛言。世尊。我已敷床。办水集僧。
Explanation: At that time the Buddha and Ānanda were wandering and arrived at this place. The Buddha saw this bhikṣu and, though he already knew who it was, deliberately asked: "Ānanda, who is this person?" Ānanda replied: "World-Honored One, this is the Elder Svāgata." The Buddha then said to Ānanda: "Spread out a seat and bed for me in this place, prepare water, and assemble the saṅgha." Ānanda accepted the instruction, spread out the seat and bed, prepared the water, and assembled the saṅgha; then he went to the Buddha and said: "World-Honored One, I have spread out the bed, prepared the water, and assembled the saṅgha."
Original text: 佛自知时。佛即洗足坐。问诸比丘。曾见闻有龙。名庵婆罗提陀。凶暴恶害。先无有人到其住处。象马牛羊。驴骡驼驼无能到者。乃至诸鸟无敢过上。秋谷熟时。破灭诸谷。善男子。莎伽陀能折伏令善。今诸人及鸟兽得到泉上。
Explanation: The Buddha knew that it was the proper time to teach, so he washed his feet and sat on the seat, and asked the bhikṣus: "Have you ever seen or heard of a dragon named Āmrapālita, fierce, violent, and malevolent, to whose dwelling place no one previously dared to go — elephants, horses, cattle, sheep, donkeys, mules, and camels could not approach it, and even the birds dared not fly over it, and when the autumn grain ripened, it destroyed all the crops? Good sons, Svāgata was able to subdue it and make it good, and now all people, birds, and beasts can go to that spring."
Original text: 是时众中有见者言。见。世尊。闻者言。闻。世尊。佛语比丘。于汝意云何。此善男子莎伽陀。今能折伏虾蟆不。答言不能。世尊。佛言。圣人饮酒尚如是失。何况俗凡夫。如是过罪。若过是罪。皆由饮酒故。从今日若言我是佛弟子者。不得饮酒。乃至小草头一滴。亦不得饮。
Explanation: At that time, among the assembly, those who had seen it said: "We have seen it, World-Honored One." Those who had heard of it said: "We have heard of it, World-Honored One." The Buddha said to the bhikṣus: "What do you think — could this good son Svāgata now subdue even a fish, shrimp, or toad?" They replied: "No, World-Honored One." The Buddha said: "If even a noble one who drinks alcohol has such a lapse, how much more so worldly ordinary beings! Such transgressions, and even transgressions exceeding these, all arise from drinking alcohol. From today onward, those who claim to be disciples of the Buddha must not drink alcohol — not even a single drop on the tip of a small blade of grass may be drunk."
Original text: 佛种种呵责饮酒过失已。告诸比丘。优婆塞不得饮酒者。有二种。谷酒木酒。木酒者。或用根茎叶花果。用种种子。诸药草杂作酒。酒色酒香酒味。饮能醉人。是名为酒。若优婆塞尝咽者。亦名为饮犯罪。
Explanation: After the Buddha reproached the faults of drinking alcohol in various ways, he told the bhikṣus: "There are two kinds of alcohol that an upāsaka must not drink: grain alcohol and wood alcohol. Wood alcohol is alcohol made from the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits of plants, or made from various seeds, medicinal herbs, and miscellaneous vegetation; it has the color, aroma, and taste of alcohol, and drinking it can intoxicate people — this is called alcohol. If an upāsaka tastes it and swallows it, this also counts as drinking and is an offense."
Original text: 若饮谷酒。咽咽犯罪。若饮酢酒。随咽咽犯。若饮甜酒。随咽咽犯。若啖麹能醉者。随咽咽犯。若啖酒糟。随咽咽犯。若饮酒淀。随咽咽犯。若饮似酒色酒香酒味。能令人醉者。随咽咽犯。若但作酒色。无酒香无酒味。不能醉人及余。饮皆不犯。
Explanation: If one drinks grain alcohol, each swallow constitutes an offense. If one drinks sour wine, each swallow constitutes an offense. If one drinks sweet wine, each swallow constitutes an offense. If one consumes ferment (the raw material for brewing) that can intoxicate, each swallow constitutes an offense. If one consumes wine lees, each swallow constitutes an offense. If one drinks wine dregs, each swallow constitutes an offense. If one drinks something resembling alcohol in color, aroma, and taste that can intoxicate people, each swallow constitutes an offense. But if something merely has the color of alcohol, without the aroma or taste of alcohol, and cannot intoxicate people nor has any other such effects, then drinking it is not an offense.
