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Among mind (citta), manas, and consciousness, mind represents the eighth consciousness, manas represents the manas, and consciousness represents the mind consciousness. The former two are relatively deep, subtle, and hidden, and are difficult to realize and observe; ordinary people can only observe the mind consciousness, and even that not very minutely, being unable to observe the manas and the eighth consciousness. All the contents of the manas and all the contents concerning consciousness-only belong to the category of the wisdom of the seeds of consciousness-only (唯识种智), and this is even more so for the mental factors (caittas) of each consciousness. At present, Buddhist practitioners generally mistake the state of the manas for the state of the mind consciousness; without the wisdom of contemplative practice (vipaśyanā-caryā) based on direct perception, it is impossible to observe directly the specific operational state of the manas. This book provides a deep and detailed analysis of the differences and connections between the manas and the mind consciousness, focusing on introducing the differences between the two in bodily, verbal, and mental actions and in the discernment of sense objects. At the same time, it introduces the connections between the manas and the mind consciousness, including their modes of communication, their mutual perfuming, as well as the differences and connections between the manas and the first five consciousnesses, so as to enable Buddhist practitioners to distinguish the respective natures of the manas and the mind consciousness in their concrete functions, no longer confusing them. Once the natures of the two are clearly distinguished, one can easily realize the manas and thereby actually observe it.
