The Operational Aspects of Vijñāna

Although the eight consciousnesses lack the tangible appearances of the six dusts, each possesses its own functioning aspect, which is the aspect of the mind. This is also a mental factor that can be observed and perceived, thus constituting a kind of appearance as well. The functioning aspects of the first seven consciousnesses are illusory appearances conjured by the eighth consciousness, also known as "names." They are subject to birth, cessation, and change, and are not real. The functioning aspect of the eighth consciousness itself exists as it is by nature. It arises dependent on the substance of the eighth consciousness, not generated by any other dharma. It exists and functions at all times, continuing to operate ceaselessly even in the state of Nirvana without residue, and has never been extinguished.