The Modes of the Eight Consciousnesses

Although the eight consciousnesses do not have concrete, visible characteristics like the six sense objects, each has its own mode of operation — the mental characteristics (caitta-dharma), which are also mental factors (caittas). These formless modes of operation can also be observed and perceived, so they too are a kind of mark. The modes of operation of the seven consciousnesses are illusory appearances conjured up by the tathāgatagarbha; they are also called "names," and they are subject to arising, ceasing, and change — they are not real. The mode of operation of the tathāgatagarbha itself exists naturally, just as it is (dharmatā); it exists in dependence on the tathāgatagarbha's own substance and is not produced by any other dharma. It exists and operates at all times, continuing to operate ceaselessly even in nirvāṇa without remainder (Anupadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa); it has never ceased.

The substance of the tathāgatagarbha is formless and without marks; no one can see it — not even a Buddha. But when the substance functions, characteristics appear. After enlightenment, one can see the functioning of the tathāgatagarbha and also come to understand its characteristics. In fact, all dharmas are the characteristics of the tathāgatagarbha and also its functioning. As for the five universally operative mental factors (caittas) of the tathāgatagarbha, bodhisattvas who have attained the bhūmis and Buddhas can observe them. After enlightenment, one can see the functions and operational traces of the tathāgatagarbha, distinguishing them from the modes of operation of the seven consciousnesses. In the operation of all dharmas, the eight consciousnesses work together in harmony, inseparable from one another, and only thus can the operation of the dharmas be accomplished — in this there is truly a mixture of fish eyes and pearls, of dragons and snakes mingled together. Only when the eye of the Path is clear and penetrating can one distinguish fish eyes from precious pearls, and dragons from snakes.